Finite Differences 1# Forward difference 2df_dx = (f(x + h) - f(x)) / h 3 4# Central difference (more accurate) 5df_dx = (f(x + h) - f(x - h)) / (2 * h) 6 7# NumPy gradient 8df_dx = np.gradient(y, x) Further Reading Numerical Differentiation - Wikipedia