Approximate $\int_a^b f(x) dx$. Trapezoidal Rule 1from scipy.integrate import trapz, simps, quad 2 3# Trapezoidal 4result = trapz(y, x) 5 6# Simpson's rule 7result = simps(y, x) 8 9# Adaptive quadrature (best) 10result, error = quad(f, a, b) Further Reading Numerical Integration - Wikipedia