Multi-signature schemes require multiple parties to sign a transaction or message, providing enhanced security and distributed control. Overview Multi-signature (multisig) requires $m$ out of $n$ signatures to authorize a transaction or validate a message. Notation: $m$-of-$n$ multisig $n$ = total number of signers $m$ …

Digital signature algorithms with mathematical foundations. Mathematical Definition A digital signature scheme consists of: $$ \begin{aligned} (pk, sk) &\leftarrow KeyGen() \ \sigma &= Sign(sk, M) \ {0,1} &= Verify(pk, M, \sigma) \end{aligned} $$ Properties: Authentication: Proves message from holder of …