Visual guide to null hypothesis testing and the scientific method of statistical inference. What is a Null Hypothesis? Null Hypothesis (H₀): A statement of "no effect" or "no difference" that we test against. Alternative Hypothesis (H₁ or Hₐ): What we suspect might be true instead. Visual …

Visual guide to understanding p-values and what they really mean. What is a P-Value? P-value: The probability of observing data at least as extreme as what we observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. $$ p = P(\text{data as extreme or more} \mid H_0 \text{ is true}) $$ Visual Intuition The p-value represents the …